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Founded in the 7th century on a lagoon off the northeast coast of Italy, Venice grew to be the capital of a great trading empire and one of the key western markets of the Silk Road. Its commercial networks extended far to the east and by the 15th century Venice had developed close ties with the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the Ottomans of Turkey, and the Safavids of Iran amongst others. The city is full of eastern influences.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Mostar is perhaps most famous for its soaring and elegant 20-metre high bridge traversing the Neretva river. The bridge was commissioned by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1557 when this region was under Ottoman control. The bridge stood for 427 years until it was destroyed in 1993 during the Bosnian War. In 2004, it was reopened after restoration works which included the rehabilitation of the old town undertaken by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Dervishes whirl at the Galata Mevlevi House in Istanbul, one of Turkey’s few remaining dervish lodges. The 13th century Persian poet, Islamic theologian and Sufi mystic, Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi introduced to his followers the practice of whirling as a physically active meditation. Through the act of whirling, dervishes turn towards the Divine presence, grow through love, desert their egos and strive towards perfection. The tall felt hats they wear represent the tombstone of the dervish’s ego.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Marco Polo reputedly passed en route to China (in the 13th century) through Tabriz’s Grand Bazaar in Iran, a UNESCO world heritage site and the largest covered market in the world. The Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex received an Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2013.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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The Mausoleum of Oljaytu in Soltaniyeh, Iran. In the early 14th century, the Mongols swept westwards conquering northern Iran, then known as Persia. In Soltaniyeh, the Mongol general Oljaytu established the new capital of the Ilkhanid dynasty. After converting to the religion of those he now ruled over – Shi’i Islam – he began construction of an enormous mausoleum for himself. To the local architectural style, Oljaytu blended elements from his own Central Asian heritage, such as the turquoise tiled dome and stylised Kufic calligraphy around its drum.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Ceiling details from the Shrine of Fatima Masumeh in Qom, Iran.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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An artisan in Isfahan's Bazaar, still full of metal workers, carpenters and textile-makers, young and old, plying their trade (bottom centre and right).
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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This is a Zourkhaneh or “House of Strength” in Isfahan, Iran. Here, men give praise to Imam Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, through a spiritual form of exercise that dates back over a thousand years. Participants perform individual and synchronised moves to demonstrate strength and prowess as well as humility – qualities championed by Ali. The practice combines martial arts, calisthenics, strength training and music. It fuses elements of pre-Islamic Persian culture with the spirituality of Shi’i Islam and Sufism. At points the men whirl like dervishes. The competitive nature is clear, but so too is the camaraderie.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Details from the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, Isfahan, Iran.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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The Shah Mosque, Isfahan, Iran.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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The Alem Entertainment Centre, the largest indoor Ferris wheel in the world. Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, is home to numerous monuments that fuse Soviet architectural ideas with traditional Islamic geometric forms, such as the eight-pointed star you can see here.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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One of the ceilings of Khiva’s Tash Hauli Palace in Uzbekistan which brings together Islamic geometric designs, decorative floral patterns and colours typical of Central Asia.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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The Bibi-Khanym Mosque, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Samarkand was the capital of the Timurid Empire and its many monuments are lavishly decorated. Several are crowned by turquoise domes and adorned by geometric tile work that spells out the names of God, the Prophet and Ali in Kufic calligraphy.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Karimkol, a fruit and vegetable farmer from the Jalal-Abad region of Kyrgyzstan. As part of its food security work, the Aga Khan Foundation supports farmers like Karimkol to expand their nurseries so that they can in turn support other farmers in this remote and mountainous region.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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In this remote valley in eastern Kyrgyzstan, not far from the border with China, lie the remains of a 15th century caravanserai called Tash Rabat. Caravanserais were hostels where travellers and traders would rest, recuperate, wash, pray, tend to their horses and camels, and share news and gossip before continuing along the old Silk Road. What makes this caravanserai unique is its isolated location. Usually, caravanserais were built a day’s journey from each other, but Tash Rabat is in the middle of nowhere.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Son Kul, a lake at the centre of an enormous plateau atop the Tien Shan mountain range in Kyrgyzstan. Thousands of horses, sheep, cows, yak and camel graze here. They belong to the semi-nomadic communities who bring them here during the summer months. Yurts provide shelter, a place to cook, eat and sleep. Recognising the continued importance of these nomadic traditions, the Aga Khan Foundation works with communities like these to improve access to education through the creation of mobile libraries and kindergartens in yurts.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Two Kyrgyz men wearing traditional Kalpak hats greet each other in the streets of Murghab. At 3,650 metres above sea level, Murghab is the highest town in Tajikistan.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Artisans spinning wool in Murghab, Tajikistan. To support the local economy, the Aga Khan Foundation works with local artisans to sell their handicrafts to tourists who pass through Murghab along the Pamir Highway – the historic road and trade link that traverses Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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A girl dances at the opening ceremony of a new tourism centre in the Pamir Mountains. As part of its economic development work, the Aga Khan Foundation supports sustainable tourism in the region through the Pamir Eco-Culture and Tourism Association (PECTA). PECTA creates job opportunities for local people and encourages the preservation of historical heritage, natural resources and wildlife while helping tourists to visit this remote and breathtakingly beautiful region.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Prayer time at the Taj Mahal Mosque in Agra, India. Each year millions of people visit the Taj Mahal – a mausoleum dedicated to Mumtaz Mahal, the beloved wife of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. It is easy to forget that the site is also home to this richly decorated and comparatively under visited mosque where local Muslims come to pray. Islam grew in prominence in India during the Muslim rule of the Mughals, who emerged in 1526 in what is today’s Uzbekistan and swept south, conquering much of the subcontinent and creating an enormous empire.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Located where the Himalayan, Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountains meet, Gilgit in northern Pakistan is a seismically unstable region prone to natural disasters. Earthquakes, avalanches and rock falls are common occurrences. These disasters are exacerbated by a changing climate that disproportionately affects mountainous communities. After a violent glacial lake burst in 2015, partly caused by rising temperatures, much of Singal village was destroyed by flooding and the rock avalanche that came with it. With the support of the Aga Khan Agency for Habitat (AKAH), these men are using the rocks from the landslide to build protective walls that channel the river’s flow away from property (bottom centre) in the event of another glacial burst. AKAH works with communities across the region to mitigate the effects of disasters like this.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Built in 1840, Khaplu Palace (top) is the finest surviving example of a royal residence in Baltistan, an autonomous region in Pakistan’s mountainous north east. The palace combines the local architectural style with influences from neighbouring regions including Tibet, Kashmir and Ladakh. For over 100 years it was the seat of the Raja of Khaplu but after his kingdom was abolished, the palace fell into a state of disrepair. In 2005, with funding from the Norwegian government, the Aga Khan Trust for Culture began restoration works. Six years later, the palace was opened as a 21-room heritage hotel under the Serena Hotel Group.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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It wasn’t only artistic ideas that travelled to Baltistan in northern Pakistan from Tibet but also religious ones. Buddhism was the dominant religion in Baltistan until the arrival of Islam in the 15th century. Depictions of the Buddha and Buddhist symbols can still be found dotted about this region.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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The Aga Khan Agency for Habitat works with communities across northern Pakistan to mitigate the impact of natural disasters, adapt to climate change and increase access to potable water.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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The Leif Larsen Music Centre in Altit village, northern Pakistan. Run by the Aga Khan Music Programme, the Centre teaches traditional music and supports young aspiring musicians to develop their skills.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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The road to the Pakistan-China border. At 4,700 metres above sea level the air is thin and it can be a struggle to breathe. The road that connects these two countries is called the Karakoram Highway or KKH. This 1,300km long road, which at points runs parallel to a branch of the old Silk Road, connects Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab in Pakistan with Xinjiang province in western China. Due to the difficult conditions under which it was constructed, it is sometimes referred to as the “Eighth Wonder of the World”.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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The Id Khah Mosque in Kashgar in China. Kashgar was the gateway for Chinese traders heading for the markets of Central Asia and an essential stop-over for those travelling in the opposite direction. The legacy of this mercantile exchange is a strikingly diverse population.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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During the days of the ancient Silk Road, caravans of Bactrian camels would have travelled through the Gobi Desert in north-western China carrying goods intended for sale in distant markets to the west. Today, they have found new employment. They carry tourists on desert tours.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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Xi’an was one of the four great ancient capitals of China and is considered the starting point of the Silk Road, or the end point if you were coming from the west. In the 1st century BCE, it was called Chang’an, meaning “perpetual peace”. During its heyday, Chang'an was one of the largest and most populous cities in the world.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
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A young woman wearing traditional Chinese dress performs at the Forbidden City, the exclusive enclave of China’s emperors between 1420 and 1925. Whilst Xi’an is considered the start of the historic Silk Road, Beijing is the source of China’s new Silk Road. The Belt and Road Initiative, China’s flagship foreign policy project, aims to regenerate the old trade links that connect Asia with Europe through a projected $1.5 trillion investment and infrastructure programme involving 70 countries.
AKDN / Christopher Wilton-Steer
Related Information
From 8 April to 16 June, in London’s Kings Cross, the Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) is presenting a free open-air photography exhibition about the world’s oldest trade route. The Silk Road: A Living History, created by travel photographer Christopher Wilton-Steer, is comprised of over 160 photographs that invite the viewer to take a journey from London to Beijing, encountering many of the people, places and cultures along the ancient trade route.
The exhibition aims to celebrate the diversity of cultural expressions found along the Silk Road, highlight examples of how historical practices, rituals and customs live on today, and also reveal some of the connections between what appear at first glance to be very different cultures. It also seeks to engender interest and understanding between distant cultures and challenge perceptions of less well known and understood parts of the world. Photographs from Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, India, China and elsewhere are featured in the show.
Amongst other things The Silk Road: A Living History features images and stories of people, places and cultures where AKF and its sister agencies of the Aga Khan Development Network have been actively working to improve the quality of life – for nearly 30 years in Central Asia, and for almost a century in India and Pakistan.